Veritas Socialis et Legalis | IGI Veritas (Veritas Soc. Leg.) is a peer-reviewed international academic journal committed to fostering high-quality scholarly research and interdisciplinary dialogue in the fields of Management, Political Policy, and Law. The journal serves as a global platform for academics, researchers, policymakers, legal practitioners, and professionals to disseminate innovative ideas, empirical findings, and theoretical advancements that address contemporary social, political, governance, and legal challenges. The journal emphasizes the dynamic relationship between management practices, public policy development, governance systems, and legal frameworks in both national and international contexts. By promoting rigorous research and critical analysis, Veritas Socialis et Legalis seeks to contribute to evidence-based policymaking, institutional development, sustainable governance, organizational effectiveness, and the advancement of justice and the rule of law. Journal title Veritas Socialis et Legalis | IGI Veritas Cover Focus & Scope Strategic and Public Management; Human Resource Management and Organizational Behavior; Public Administration and Governance; Political Science and Public Policy; Comparative Politics and Political Institutions; Regulatory Studies and Policy Evaluation; Constitutional, Administrative, Civil, and Criminal Law; International Law and Human Rights; Corporate Governance and Business Law; Legal Reform and Justice Systems; Sustainable Development, Ethics, and Social Responsibility; Digital Governance; Technology Policy, and Cyber Law. Abbreviation IGI Educ. Ins. Publisher INSPIRETECH GLOBAL INSIGHT Language English (Prefered); Indonesian. Frequency 4 issues per year: January 10 | April 10 | Juli 10 | November 10 DOI Prefix 10.53905/veritas by Crossref Online ISSN xxxx-xxxx Chief Editor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Samsurijal Hasan Citation Analysis Google Scholar | Dimension Indexing Google Scholar | Crossref | The journal aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice by encouraging interdisciplinary perspectives and promoting research with significant academic, policy, and societal impact. Through an international editorial and reviewer network, Veritas Socialis et Legalis upholds the highest standards of academic integrity, scientific rigor, and ethical publishing.
Strengthening Village Governance through Relational Capacity Building: Evidence from Sub-District Leadership in Indonesia
Purpose of the study: The effectiveness of village governance in Indonesia depends heavily on the capacity of the sub-district head to coach and supervise village heads, yet limited human resources, weak institutional reform, and inadequate facilities frequently constrain this coaching function. This study aimed to describe and analyze the capacity building undertaken by the camat of Kerinci Kanan Sub-District, Siak Regency, in coaching village heads, and to identify the inhibiting factors of that process. Methodology: A descriptive qualitative case-study design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, direct observation, and documentation involving seven purposively selected informants, and were analyzed using the interactive model of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification, guided by Grindle's capacity-building framework comprising human resource development, organizational strengthening, and institutional reform. Results: The findings show that coaching was implemented mainly through technical guidance, direct instruction, and periodic meetings at the sub-district office; organizational strengthening was reflected in the provision of written and oral directives; and institutional reform was manifested through field supervision and direct interaction between sub-district and village apparatus. However, capacity building was constrained by the low quality of village human resources, inadequate facilities and infrastructure, and a less conducive regulatory environment. Conclusions: Capacity building is not a process that starts from zero but builds upon existing potential through continuous collaboration between sub-district and village apparatus; strengthening human resources and facilities is recommended to optimize the coaching function.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Institutional Capacity, Interagency Coordination, and Enforcement Integrity in Street Vendor Governance: Explaining the Failure of Coaching-Based Regulation in Indonesia
Purpose of the study: : Local governments in developing countries increasingly rely on coaching (pembinaan) — the combination of extension (penyuluhan), direction (pengarahan), and guidance (bimbingan) — as a soft-governance instrument to formalize street vendors without resorting solely to eviction. This study examines the role performed by the Market Service (Dinas Pasar) of Pekanbaru City in coaching street vendors (pedagang kaki lima, PKL) at Senapelan Market, and identifies the factors that constrain the effectiveness of that role. Methodology: A qualitative descriptive case-study design was employed. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with one key informant (the Head of the Market Service Technical Implementation Unit) and eight informants (three Market Service staff and five street vendors, selected through purposive sampling), complemented by direct field observation and documentary review. Data were analyzed using the interactive qualitative model of data condensation, display, and conclusion drawing/verification. Results: The coaching role of the Market Service has not been optimally implemented across all three indicators — extension, direction, and guidance — as evidenced by the persistence of vendors trading on sidewalks and road bodies despite repeated interventions. Three interrelated factors constrain this role: (a) the limited service capacity of Market Service personnel, (b) weak inter-unit coordination and communication, and (c) inconsistent integrity/enforcement discipline among field officers. Conclusions: Coaching outcomes at Senapelan Market remain suboptimal because instrumental (extension, direction, guidance) and institutional (capacity, coordination, integrity) dimensions of local governance are misaligned; strengthening officer capacity, inter-agency coordination, and consistent, transparent enforcement — alongside vendor-inclusive relocation planning — is required to translate coaching policy into behavioral compliance.
Occupational Safety and Health and Workforce Skills as Complementary Predictors of Employee Performance in High-Risk Construction Services
Purpose of the study: This study aims to examine and analyze the partial and simultaneous effects of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) and skill on employee performance at PT. Lutvindo Wijaya Perkasa, a construction-services company based in Pekanbaru, Indonesia, and to identify which of the two predictors exerts the dominant influence. Methodology: A quantitative, explanatory (associative) design was employed. The population consisted of 92 permanent employees, and a saturated (census) sampling technique produced a final analytic sample of 82 valid respondents after data screening. Data were collected using a structured, five-point Likert questionnaire that had been tested for validity (Pearson product-moment correlation) and reliability (Cronbach's alpha). Multiple linear regression, classical assumption tests, the coefficient of determination (R²), partial t-tests, and the simultaneous F-test were used for analysis with SPSS version 26. Results: Both OSH (β = 0.372, t = 4.681, p < 0.001) and skill (β = 0.441, t = 5.529, p < 0.001) had a positive and statistically significant partial effect on employee performance. Simultaneously, OSH and skill significantly influenced employee performance (F = 74.216, p < 0.001), jointly explaining 65.3% of the variance in performance (adjusted R² = 0.653), while the remaining 34.7% was explained by variables outside the model. Skill emerged as the dominant predictor. Conclusions: Occupational safety and health and employee skill are significant, complementary drivers of employee performance in a high-risk construction-services setting. Managerial investment in structured safety systems alongside targeted, competency-based training is recommended to sustain performance improvement.
Beyond Legal Status: Protection Gaps in Child Maintenance Following Marriage Annulment in Indonesia
Purpose of the study: This study aims to examine the legal considerations underlying judges' decisions to annul a marriage on the ground of a concealed prior marriage, and to analyze the legal consequences of marriage annulment for the status, custody, and maintenance rights of children born from the annulled union. Methodology: This research employed normative-empirical legal research combining a statute approach and a case-study approach. The primary legal materials consisted of Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage, the Compilation of Islamic Law (Kompilasi Hukum Islam), Law No. 35 of 2014 on Child Protection, and Religious Court Decision No. 1446/Pdt.G/2017/PA.Mks. Secondary data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with a judge of the Religious Court Class 1A of Makassar and through documentary study of statutory instruments and prior scholarship. Data were analyzed descriptively-qualitatively. Results: The judge's legal consideration in Decision No. 1446/Pdt.G/2017/PA.Mks was found to rest strictly on the juridical fact that the husband (Defendant I) was still bound by a valid, undissolved prior marriage at the time of contracting the second marriage, which constitutes an absolute ground for annulment under Article 24 of Law No. 1/1974. Pursuant to Article 28(1)(a) of Law No. 1/1974 and Article 75(b) of the Compilation of Islamic Law, the annulment was declared non-retroactive with respect to the children born from the annulled marriage, thereby preserving their civil status, nasab (lineage), and inheritance rights. However, the verdict (amar putusan) did not explicitly impose maintenance and custodial obligations on Defendant I, leaving Defendant II and the child without an enforceable, self-executing basis for support. Conclusions: While Indonesian marriage law protects children born from an annulled marriage from retroactive loss of legal status, protection remains incomplete because judges are not statutorily compelled to specify the father's maintenance obligations in the operative part of the decision. Strengthening the integration of marriage-registration data among Religious Affairs Offices (KUA) and mandating explicit maintenance clauses in annulment verdicts are recommended to close this protection gap.
Competing Visions of International Order: A Systematic Literature Review of Liberal, Multipolar, and Global South Perspectives
Purpose of the study: This systematic literature review examines competing conceptualizations of international order by synthesizing three dominant perspectives in International Relations: the Liberal International Order (LIO), the multipolar/realist perspective, and the Global South/postcolonial perspective. The study aims to compare their theoretical foundations, assumptions regarding governance, power, sovereignty, and international institutions, while identifying major debates, areas of convergence, and research gaps in contemporary scholarship. Methodology: The review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines to ensure a transparent and systematic selection process. Literature published between 2000 and June 2026 was retrieved from Scopus- and Web of Science-indexed journals through major publisher platforms. Following screening, eligibility assessment, and duplicate removal, 22 studies met the inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using a qualitative narrative framework synthesis, organizing findings into four comparative dimensions: governance, power distribution, sovereignty, and institutional order. Results: The findings reveal that conceptions of international order have evolved from relatively stable paradigms toward increasingly contested and pluralistic interpretations. Liberal scholarship increasingly attributes challenges to endogenous institutional dynamics, while multipolar scholarship remains divided over whether global power has genuinely shifted toward a multipolar configuration. In contrast, Global South scholarship reframes international order as a historically unequal and hierarchical structure requiring structural transformation rather than incremental reform. Despite their differences, all three perspectives recognize growing contestation of the post-1945 international order, although they diverge significantly in explaining its origins and proposing future trajectories. Conclusions: The review demonstrates that liberal, multipolar, and Global South perspectives should be understood as complementary analytical lenses rather than mutually exclusive paradigms. A comprehensive understanding of contemporary international order requires integrating material power dynamics, institutional design, and normative legitimacy. Future research should expand comparative empirical analyses, incorporate underrepresented regional scholarship, and develop integrated theoretical frameworks capable of explaining the multidimensional transformation of global order.
Building Sustainable Workforce Performance in Palm Oil Processing: Evidence from Competence, Commitment, and Incentive-Based Human Resource Practices
Purpose of the study: This study examined the effects of competence, organizational commitment, and incentives on employee performance at PT. Anderson Unedo, a palm oil mill located in Petapahan Tapung, Riau, Indonesia. The study was motivated by the strategic importance of human resource performance in palm oil processing, where operational efficiency, safety compliance, and productivity depend substantially on employee capability, motivation, and organizational attachment. Methodology: A quantitative explanatory survey design was employed. Data were collected from 65 employees using a structured, validated questionnaire covering competence, organizational commitment, incentives, and employee performance, measured on a five-point Likert scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, partial t-tests, a simultaneous F-test, and the coefficient of determination. Results: Competence had a positive and significant effect on employee performance (β = 0.412, p = 0.001), organizational commitment had a positive and significant effect (β = 0.318, p = 0.014), and incentives also had a positive and significant effect (β = 0.276, p = 0.014). Simultaneously, the three independent variables significantly affected employee performance (F = 38.527, p < 0.001). The coefficient of determination indicated that competence, organizational commitment, and incentives explained 65.5% of the variance in employee performance (R² = 0.655). Conclusions: Competence emerged as the most dominant predictor, followed by organizational commitment and incentives. Employee performance in palm oil mills can be improved through integrated human resource strategies that combine technical training, commitment-building practices, and fair, transparent incentive systems.
Consumer Legal Literacy and Contractual Default in Automobile Pre-Order Transactions: An Empirical Socio-Legal Study from Indonesia
Purpose of the study: This study aims to identify the forms of breach of contract (wanprestasi) that arise in car sale-and-purchase agreements conducted under the indent (pre-order) system, and to examine the factors that contribute to such breaches, using PT. Hadji Kalla Toyota Pare-pare, a Toyota dealership in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, as a case study. Methodology: An empirical (socio-legal) research method was employed, combining normative analysis of the Indonesian Civil Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata/KUHPerdata) and Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection with field data collected at the dealership. Primary data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with the dealership's sales manager and a questionnaire administered to 40 customers who had engaged in indent transactions; secondary data were drawn from statutes, textbooks, and prior scholarship. Dealership sales records for the 2019–2020 period were analyzed descriptively, and questionnaire responses were tabulated as frequencies and percentages. Results: Of 275 vehicles sold in 2019, 89 were indent transactions with zero recorded defaults; of 275 vehicles sold in 2020, 79 were indent transactions with two recorded defaults (2.53% of indent transactions), consisting of one delayed delivery attributable to a customer's inability to travel during COVID-19 mobility restrictions and one unilateral cancellation by a customer facing a family emergency. No default originating from the dealership itself reached litigation. Survey results show that although 70% of respondents were aware of the indent mechanism in general, only 32.5% recognized non-conforming or delayed delivery as legally constituting default, and only 25% were aware that defaulting parties may face binding sanctions. Conclusions: Breach of contract under the indent system at the dealership studied was infrequent and, in the cases observed, was linked to pandemic-related force majeure and personal exigency rather than opportunistic conduct by either party. Nonetheless, a pronounced gap between customers' general awareness of the indent system and their specific legal knowledge of default and its consequences represents a latent consumer-protection risk. Strengthening pre-contractual disclosure and legal literacy is recommended to reduce future disputes.
Political Disinformation in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Literature Review
Purpose of the study: The proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies — including large language models (LLMs), generative adversarial networks (GANs), social bots, and algorithmic micro-targeting systems — has fundamentally reshaped the production, dissemination, and detection of political disinformation. This study conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) to map how scholarship on AI-driven political disinformation has evolved, to identify the dominant conceptual frameworks and technologies implicated, to assess documented impacts on democratic governance and electoral integrity, and to synthesize proposed mitigation strategies. Methodology: Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic search was conducted across Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed journal articles, conference proceedings, and policy-relevant reports published between January 2016 and June 2026. A Boolean search string combining disinformation-related and AI-related terms was applied to titles, abstracts, and keywords. Records were screened against pre-defined eligibility criteria, and data were extracted using a structured matrix covering methodology, geographic scope, AI technology, and thematic focus. Results: Of 452 records identified through database searching and 21 through supplementary sources, 37 studies met the inclusion criteria and were retained for narrative synthesis. Research output increased markedly from 2020 onward, accelerating sharply after the public release of generative AI chatbots in late 2022. Five dominant thematic clusters emerged: AI as a source of disinformation, AI as a countermeasure, regulatory and governance frameworks, deepfake-specific scholarship, and algorithmic/media literacy. Deepfakes, LLM-generated text, and social bots were the most frequently studied technologies. Documented impacts on democratic governance included erosion of institutional trust, reputational attacks on candidates, and heightened epistemic uncertainty ("liar's dividend"), although causal evidence of vote-switching remained limited. Mitigation strategies clustered around automated detection and fact-checking, platform governance, regulatory instruments (e.g., the EU AI Act), and media literacy interventions, each showing partial but incomplete effectiveness. Conclusions: AI-driven political disinformation constitutes a rapidly consolidating, interdisciplinary research field characterized by a dual-use paradigm in which the same technologies that generate disinformation are repurposed to counter it. Current evidence favors layered, multi-stakeholder responses over single-point technical fixes. The review identifies persistent gaps in cross-national comparative research, longitudinal causal designs, and multilingual detection capability, and offers a research agenda for scholars, platforms, and policymakers.
Cyber-Enabled Fraud in the Gig Economy: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Indonesia's Electronic Information and Transactions Law Against Fictitious Ride-Hailing Orders
Purpose of the study: This study examines the application of Indonesia's Electronic Information and Transactions Law (Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, hereinafter "the ITE Law," Law No. 11 of 2008 as amended by Law No. 19 of 2016 and Law No. 1 of 2024) against perpetrators of fictitious orders (order fiktif) directed at online motorcycle taxi (ojek online) drivers in Pontianak City, West Kalimantan. The research aims to identify the legal qualification of fictitious-order conduct under the ITE Law, to analyze the law-enforcement process against such perpetrators, and to identify the obstacles encountered by law-enforcement officers and online-transportation companies in enforcing the law in Pontianak. Methodology: This research employs an empirical (socio-legal) juridical method combined with normative statutory and conceptual approaches. Primary data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with investigators at the Pontianak City Police Cybercrime Unit (Satreskrim Polresta Pontianak), online ojek drivers who had experienced fictitious orders, and legal officers of ride-hailing platform operators in Pontianak. Secondary data were derived from statutory materials, court decisions, and prior scholarly literature. Data were analyzed qualitatively using an interactive model of data reduction, display, and conclusion drawing. Results: Fictitious-order practices in Pontianak predominantly take the form of falsified food-delivery and ride orders using fabricated names, addresses, and telephone numbers, causing material losses to drivers and reputational losses to platform operators. The conduct most frequently satisfies the elements of Article 35 juncto Article 51 paragraph (1) of the ITE Law concerning electronic manipulation, and may alternatively be qualified under Article 28 paragraph (1) concerning the dissemination of false and misleading electronic information, or under the general fraud provisions of the Criminal Code (Articles 378–379). Enforcement in Pontianak remains limited by low victim-reporting rates, evidentiary difficulties in tracing anonymous digital identities, and limited digital-forensic capacity at the resort level. Conclusions: The ITE Law provides an adequate normative basis for prosecuting fictitious-order perpetrators, yet its practical application in Pontianak is hampered by structural and evidentiary constraints. Strengthening digital-forensic capacity, streamlining inter-agency cooperation with platform operators, and enhancing driver legal literacy are recommended to improve enforcement effectiveness.
electronic information and transactions law
Beyond Going Public: Post-IPO Financial Performance, Capital Structure Adjustment, and Profitability Stagnation in Indonesian Listed Firms
Purpose of the study: Initial Public Offering (IPO) is widely promoted as a strategic corporate action that provides firms with easier access to long-term capital and greater public visibility. Signalling and agency theories predict that going public should be followed by an improvement in corporate financial performance, yet a substantial body of international and Indonesian evidence documents the opposite pattern, commonly referred to as post-IPO operating performance decline. Methodology: A quantitative comparative design was applied using secondary panel data. The population comprised 22 non-financial companies that conducted an IPO on the IDX in 2013. A purposive sampling technique with three data-availability criteria yielded a final sample of six companies (BBRM, DYAN, MAGP, SAME, SRIL, TPMA). Eight financial ratios were analysed: Current Ratio (CR), Cash Ratio (CAR), Total Debt to Total Asset Ratio (DAR), Total Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), Total Assets Turnover (TATO), Working Capital Turnover (WCTO), Return on Assets (ROA), and Return on Equity (ROE). Because the Shapiro-Wilk normality test indicated non-normally distributed differences, the non-parametric Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test was used to compare paired pre- and post-IPO ratios at a 5% significance level. Results: Only DAR and DER exhibited a statistically significant improvement (α = 5%), and this improvement was confined to certain pre/post sub-period comparisons rather than holding uniformly across the full three-year window. CR, CAR, TATO, WCTO, ROA, and ROE showed no statistically significant difference. Viewed as a whole, corporate financial performance did not improve significantly after the IPO. Conclusions: IPO proceeds appear to mechanically strengthen the capital-structure ratios (leverage) of sample firms, but this effect does not translate into broader gains in liquidity, activity, or profitability within a three-year horizon, plausibly because of a short adjustment period and rising post-listing agency costs. These findings caution investors and issuers against assuming that going public automatically produces an across-the-board improvement in financial performance.
Political Polarization and Democratic Resilience in the Digital Age: A Systematic Literature Review
Purpose of the study: This systematic literature review (SLR) synthesizes recent scholarship on how digital platforms have reshaped political polarization and, in turn, democratic resilience. The review addresses four research questions: (1) how digital platforms have transformed polarization in contemporary democracies; (2) which mechanisms — algorithmic curation, misinformation, and echo chambers — explain platforms' influence on democratic resilience; (3) which mitigation strategies have been proposed or tested to strengthen resilience; and (4) what gaps remain for future research. Methodology: Following PRISMA 2020 reporting guidance, a structured search was conducted across indexed academic repositories (arXiv, Nature Portfolio journals, Cambridge Core, Frontiers, Semantic Scholar, ResearchGate) and institutional/policy sources (OECD, the European Commission Joint Research Centre, AlgorithmWatch) using combinations of the terms "political polarization," "echo chamber," "misinformation," "democratic resilience," and "platform governance." Thirty-three records were identified; after removing duplicates and screening for topical and analytical relevance, twenty-two studies (2020–2026) were retained for narrative synthesis, spanning systematic reviews, empirical (survey, experimental, and computational) studies, and policy analyses. Results: Included studies converge on three points: (a) algorithmic recommendation systems and engagement-optimized design amplify affectively charged and identity-based content more consistently than they create strict informational "filter bubbles"; (b) evidence for the classic echo-chamber hypothesis is heterogeneous and method-dependent, with computational trace-data studies more often supporting it than survey-based studies; and (c) mitigation strategies cluster into platform-design interventions (recommender adjustability, transparency), regulatory approaches (e.g., the EU Digital Services Act), and civic/media-literacy interventions, with cross-national and non-Western evidence remaining scarce. Conclusions: Digital platforms are neither the sole nor a uniform cause of democratic backsliding, but they interact with pre-existing societal cleavages and weak institutional guardrails to erode democratic resilience, particularly through affective rather than purely issue-based polarization. Multi-level interventions combining platform accountability, regulatory oversight, and civic resilience-building appear more promising than single-lever solutions. Future research should prioritize cross-national, cross-platform, and causally identified designs beyond the current US/EU-centric evidence base.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Managing Employee Performance in the Palm Oil Plantation Industry: The Strategic Roles of Workload, Work Environment, and Job Satisfaction
Purpose of the study: This study aims to examine the effect of workload, work environment, and job satisfaction on employee performance, both simultaneously and partially, at PT. Agrindo Raya Banyuasin, a palm-oil plantation company that has experienced a persistent decline in production-target achievement (from 99% in 2019–2020 to 76% in 2023–2024). Methodology: An associative quantitative design was employed. The population consisted of 373 employees, and a sample of 79 respondents was determined using the Slovin formula with a 10% margin of error and probability sampling technique. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire measured on a Likert-type scale and were supplemented by secondary company data. Instrument quality was verified through validity and reliability testing, and hypotheses were examined using multiple linear regression analysis, the F-test (simultaneous), the t-test (partial), and the coefficient of determination, at a 10% significance level. Results: The multiple regression analysis indicates that workload, work environment, and job satisfaction jointly influence employee performance. The F-test confirms a statistically significant simultaneous effect of the three predictors, while the t-test confirms that each variable—workload, work environment, and job satisfaction—has a significant partial effect on employee performance. The coefficient of determination shows that the three predictors jointly explain 54.5% of the variance in employee performance, while the remaining 45.5% is explained by variables outside the scope of this study. Conclusions: Workload, work environment, and job satisfaction are significant determinants of employee performance at PT. Agrindo Raya Banyuasin. Managerial attention to workload distribution, physical working conditions, and employee satisfaction is therefore essential for improving organizational performance and closing the persistent production-target gap.
Bridging the Gap Between Legal Certainty and Practice: An Empirical Study of Mortgage Enforcement for Non-Performing Loans in Indonesia
Purpose of the study: This study aims to analyze the legal implementation of the execution of mortgage right (Hak Tanggungan) collateral objects by PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk, Tanjung Sub-Branch Unit, Makassar, and to identify the juridical and non-juridical obstacles encountered by the bank in executing such collateral for the settlement of non-performing loans. Methodology: The research employed an empirical-juridical approach, examining how positive law—principally Law Number 4 of 1996 concerning Mortgage Rights over Land and Objects Related to Land (UUHT)—is applied in factual banking practice. Primary data were obtained through structured interviews with the Account Officer and Mantri (credit supervisor) of PT. BRI (Persero) Tbk Tanjung Sub-Branch Unit, Makassar, as well as with a debtor whose collateral had been subject to execution. Secondary data were derived from statutory regulations, legal doctrine, prior scholarly studies, and internal bank documentation on non-performing loans for the period 2013–2016. Data were analyzed qualitatively and presented descriptively-analytically. Results: The execution of mortgage objects at PT. BRI (Persero) Tbk Tanjung Sub-Branch Unit, Makassar, was conducted in accordance with Article 20 of the UUHT through three mechanisms: public auction (parate executie), private sale (penjualan di bawah tangan), and execution based on a District Court decision. Between 2013 and June 2016, the bank recorded 21 non-performing loan accounts, of which 8 required collateral execution; six were resolved through auction, one through private sale, and one remained in the seizure (sita eksekusi) stage. Non-juridical obstacles identified include protracted debtor negotiation behavior, disagreement over auction limit prices, legal resistance through District Court lawsuits, post-auction vacant-possession (pengosongan) disputes, buyers' inability to gain possession of the auctioned object, and third-party claims over the collateral. Conclusions: Although the UUHT normatively guarantees an easy and certain execution mechanism for mortgage holders, its practical implementation at the bank-unit level remains hampered by debtor non-cooperation, valuation disputes, and litigation strategies used to delay execution. Strengthening pre-execution mediation, transparent valuation procedures, and expedited court handling of debtor resistance suits are recommended to restore the intended efficiency of mortgage execution under Indonesian secured-transactions law.
ESG Integration in Strategic Management: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Research Agenda
Purpose of the study: Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations have moved from the periphery of corporate reporting into the core of strategic decision-making, yet the scholarly literature on how ESG is theorized, operationalized, and embedded within strategic management remains fragmented across disciplines, theories, and methodologies. This study conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) to map the intellectual structure, theoretical foundations, strategic capabilities, methodological trends, and future research agenda associated with ESG integration in strategic management. Methodology: Following the PRISMA 2020 protocol, peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and conference proceedings published in English between 2010 and 2026 were retrieved through a structured multi-source academic search strategy targeting Scopus-, Web of Science-, and PubMed-indexed outlets. After duplicate removal and a two-stage title/abstract and full-text screening process guided by pre-defined inclusion, exclusion, and quality-appraisal criteria, a final corpus of 42 studies was retained for thematic, theoretical, and bibliometric synthesis. Results: The intellectual structure of the field has evolved through three overlapping stages: corporate social responsibility antecedents (pre-2015), ESG–financial performance debates (2015–2020), and strategic ESG integration and capability-building (2020–present). Stakeholder theory, the resource-based view, dynamic capabilities theory, legitimacy theory, and institutional theory constitute the dominant theoretical foundations. ESG integration is associated with four strategic capability clusters—data governance, organizational learning, strategic adaptability, and technological integration—and with performance outcomes spanning financial returns, risk mitigation, reputational capital, and innovation. Methodologically, quantitative archival and bibliometric designs dominate, while qualitative, longitudinal, and cross-cultural studies remain scarce, and ESG rating divergence continues to undermine measurement validity. Conclusions: ESG integration in strategic management is theoretically pluralistic but empirically fragmented, with persistent gaps in longitudinal causal evidence, cross-cultural comparison, and micro-foundational process research. A future research agenda oriented toward dynamic, multi-level, and contextually sensitive inquiry is proposed to advance both theory and practice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Margo Regalado, Ivan Sicilia, Vladislava Mashchenko (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Carrier Responsibility of CV. PO. Ayu Transport Sungai Penuh–Jambi toward Passengers: An Empirical-Juridical Analysis of Liability and Dispute Resolution in Indonesian Land Public Transportation
Purpose of the study: This study examines and analyzes the legal responsibility of CV. PO. Ayu Transport, a public land-transport operator serving the Sungai Penuh–Jambi route, toward its passengers within the framework of Indonesian carriage and consumer protection law, and identifies the dispute-resolution mechanisms available when the operator fails to discharge that responsibility adequately. Methodology: The research adopts an empirical-juridical (socio-legal) approach with a descriptive-analytical specification. Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews with a purposively selected population of eight passengers who sustained losses in traffic accidents involving CV. PO. Ayu Transport vehicles, of whom six served as respondents, together with informants comprising the company's drivers, the Kerinci Resort Police (Polres Kerinci), and the Kerinci branch of PT Asuransi Jasa Raharja (Persero). Secondary data were drawn from the Indonesian Civil Code, Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, Law No. 22 of 2009 on Road Traffic and Transportation, and relevant scholarly literature. Data were analyzed qualitatively. Results: CV. PO. Ayu Transport's responsibility toward passengers has not been discharged consistently. In 2016, accidents involving the operator's vehicles resulted in five passengers sustaining minor injuries and one sustaining serious injury; compensation subsequently offered did not, in several cases, correspond to the losses actually sustained as a result of the carrier's fault or negligence. Disputes were resolved exclusively through non-litigation, negotiated settlement (musyawarah) between the operator and the aggrieved passengers, without recourse to the Consumer Dispute Settlement Body (BPSK) or the courts. Conclusions: Carrier responsibility among small and medium-sized land-transport enterprises in Indonesia remains constrained by weak internal claims-handling capacity and passengers' limited access to, and awareness of, formal dispute-resolution institutions, despite clear statutory guarantees under the Road Traffic and Transportation Law and the Consumer Protection Law. Codifying compensation procedures, strengthening insurance administration, and improving passenger legal literacy are recommended.
Prolonged Village Leadership, Elite Conflict, and Governance Breakdown: A Qualitative Study of Political Dynamics in Sontang Village, Rokan Hulu, Indonesia
Purpose of the study: Leadership succession at the village level is a crucial indicator of local democracy, institutional accountability, and public trust. The case of Sontang Village is academically important because its village head remained in office for approximately twenty-one years, despite successive regulatory changes that emphasized direct elections and fixed terms of office. This study aims to explain the political dynamics of the Sontang village head leadership during 1990-2011 and to identify the internal and external factors that shaped the prolonged leadership crisis. Methodology: A qualitative descriptive case-study design was employed. Data were derived from in-depth interviews with village elites, community representatives, village officials, and local government actors, supported by documentary analysis of statutory regulations, village records, and relevant secondary literature. Data were analysed through data reduction, chronological coding, thematic categorisation, triangulation, and interpretive synthesis. Results: The findings show that the political dynamics emerged through four sequential phases: initial acclamation and charismatic legitimacy, extension of authority without competitive election, increasing elite contestation, and conflict escalation leading to the formation of a rival village administration. Internal drivers included centralised leadership style, prolonged concentration of power, declining public service responsiveness, and competing elite interests. External drivers involved inconsistent implementation of village-governance regulations and weak supervision by district and subdistrict authorities. Conclusions: The Sontang case demonstrates that prolonged leadership without institutionalised electoral renewal can erode legitimacy, intensify elite competition, weaken administrative order, and generate dualism in village governance. Strengthening term-limit enforcement, participatory deliberation, public-service accountability, and conflict mediation mechanisms is essential for preventing similar governance crises in rural Indonesia.
Artificial Intelligence Governance in International Corporate Management: A Systematic Literature Review of Strategic, Ethical, and Performance Implications
Purpose of the study: The governance of artificial intelligence (AI) in international corporate management has emerged as a critical strategic, ethical, and competitive priority for multinational enterprises (MNEs). This study systematically reviews and synthesizes the global scholarly literature on AI governance in corporate management, examining how it is conceptualized, operationalized, and linked to strategic, ethical, and performance outcomes in international firms. Methodology: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines, a comprehensive search of the Scopus and Web of Science (WOS) databases was conducted in April 2026, spanning publications from 2016 to 2026. The search employed a structured Boolean query targeting AI governance, corporate management, and multinational enterprise contexts. After deduplication and two-stage screening of 712 records, 50 peer-reviewed studies were included for systematic synthesis. Thematic synthesis methodology was applied across five research questions (RQs) guiding the review. Results: Five thematic clusters emerged in correspondence with the five research questions. AI governance in international corporate management is conceptualized as a multi-dimensional function encompassing strategic oversight, operational controls, regulatory compliance, ethical accountability, and stakeholder transparency. MNEs deploy five categories of governance mechanisms — structural, process, technical, regulatory, and cultural — with adaptive multi-jurisdictional architectures emerging as best practice. AI governance demonstrably shapes corporate strategy and global competitiveness through enhanced decision quality, risk reduction, and stakeholder trust. Significant ethical, ESG, and accountability challenges arise, including algorithmic bias, attribution gaps, and regulatory fragmentation. Evidence indicates a positive and context-dependent association between AI governance quality and corporate performance across operational, reputational, and financial dimensions. Conclusions: AI governance constitutes a strategic organizational capability that is indispensable for international corporations navigating an increasingly AI-intensive competitive landscape. This review provides a comprehensive conceptual synthesis, a typology of governance mechanisms for MNEs, and a future research agenda addressing the intersection of AI governance, international business strategy, ESG accountability, and corporate performance.
Performance of the Regional Job Training Center (UPT BLK) in Reducing Urban Unemployment: Evidence from Palangka Raya City, Indonesia
Purpose of the study: Unemployment remains a persistent structural challenge in developing economies, particularly in secondary cities of Indonesia where vocational skill mismatches are pronounced. Palangka Raya, the provincial capital of Central Kalimantan, recorded the highest Open Unemployment Rate (OUR) in the province in 2017, with 9,904 registered unemployed persons and a rate of 56.18% attributable to workers with only secondary education levels. This study evaluates the institutional performance of the Technical Implementation Unit of the Job Training Center (UPT BLK) under the Palangka Raya Manpower Office in reducing urban unemployment through active labor market programs (ALMPs). Methodology: A qualitative descriptive approach was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with the Head of UPT BLK and section heads, structured observations of program activities, and documentary analysis of training records, budget reports, and participant data. Thematic analysis was applied to interpret the findings. Results: The UPT BLK demonstrated optimal institutional readiness across five dimensions: budget preparation, availability of training equipment, qualified instructors, curriculum quality, and physical facilities. In 2018, the unit successfully implemented multiple vocational training programs across diverse skill sectors, enrolling hundreds of participants. However, the program scope, targeting mechanisms, and private-sector linkages were identified as areas requiring enhancement. Conclusions: While UPT BLK's operational performance meets established benchmarks, expanding the training typology, strengthening school-based socialization for final-year students, and formalizing apprenticeship partnerships with the private sector are critical for maximizing unemployment reduction impact. These findings have policy implications for vocational training governance in Indonesian regional cities.
Strengthening Customs Investigation Mechanisms Against Agricultural Smuggling: A Case Study of Red Onion Trafficking in Indonesia
Purpose of the study: Red onion (Allium cepa L.) smuggling from Malaysia into Indonesia through the Bengkalis border region in Riau Province represents a persistent challenge to national customs enforcement and agricultural market stability. The illicit trade undermines state revenue, distorts domestic commodity prices, and compromises the livelihoods of local farmers. This study examines the operational role of Civil Servant Investigators (Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil/PPNS) under the Directorate General of Customs and Excise (Direktorat Jenderal Bea dan Cukai) in detecting, investigating, and prosecuting red onion smuggling cases in Bengkalis Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia. Methodology: : A qualitative case study approach was adopted employing observational research with structured field surveys and semi-structured interviews conducted at the Customs and Excise Supervisory and Service Office Type Madya Pabean C Bengkalis. Results: Findings reveal that PPNS Customs investigators perform a complementary law enforcement function alongside the National Police; however, their effectiveness is constrained by an extensive and difficult-to-monitor maritime border, an insufficient number of qualified investigators (minimum Grade II/a requirement), frequent personnel transfers (mutasi), and budgetary limitations. Conclusions: Strengthening customs investigation mechanisms requires institutional reform encompassing dedicated investigator career pathways, inter-agency coordination protocols, technology-assisted border surveillance, and legislative amendments to address jurisdictional gaps in agricultural commodity smuggling.
Rethinking Consumer Protection in Commercial Property Transactions: Lessons from Double-Sale Kiosk Agreements
Purpose of the study: This study examines the legal protection afforded to consumers in kiosk sale-purchase agreements executed at New Makassar Mall, Makassar, Indonesia, with specific attention to the adequacy of under-hand deed (akta di bawah tangan) agreements and the application of Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection (Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen, UUPK). The research investigates the legal vulnerabilities arising from the re-sale of a commercial kiosk by the business actor (PT. Melati Tunggal Inti Raya) to a second consumer, without the knowledge of the first consumer, and assesses the legal consequences under both civil law and consumer protection frameworks. Methodology: A normative-empirical legal research design was adopted. Data were collected through structured focused interviews with key informants — including the corporate General Affair officer of PT. Melati Tunggal Inti Raya, the First Consumer (H. Ilham Rasyid), and the Second Consumer (H. Alimuddin) — supplemented by documentary analysis of the Sale-Purchase Binding Agreements (Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli, PPJB) and relevant legal instruments. Data were analysed using qualitative-descriptive methods with a deductive approach, cross-referencing primary legislative sources, including the Indonesian Civil Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata, KUHPerdata) and the UUPK. Results: The sale-purchase agreements for both the First Consumer (PPJB No. 00494/MTIR-PPJB/LD-BS-B/VII/2017) and the Second Consumer (PPJB No. 00565/MTIR-PPJB/LD-A/II/2019) were executed as under-hand deed agreements. The Second Consumer's PPJB was subsequently notarially registered, while the First Consumer's was neither registered nor physically delivered to the consumer. The business actor resold the kiosk units to the Second Consumer without disclosure to the First Consumer, constituting violations of the good faith principle and the consumer's right to information under Articles 4 and 7 of the UUPK. However, the First Consumer was found legally unprotected partly due to their own non-fulfillment of installment payment obligations, as stipulated in the PPJB and consistent with the principle of reciprocal obligation under Articles 1266–1267 of the KUHPerdata. Conclusions: The study concludes that consumer legal protection in commercial kiosk transactions in Indonesia remains structurally deficient, particularly where under-hand deed agreements are used without notarial registration or physical delivery of agreement copies to consumers. The mutual obligation principle under Indonesian contract law creates a dual vulnerability in which consumers may lose both their material investment and their legal standing when installment defaults occur. Regulatory reform requiring mandatory notarial registration of all commercial property PPJBs and obligatory disclosure of agreement copies to consumers is urgently recommended.
Enhancing Sustainable Palm Oil Production Through Employee Productivity and Digital Workforce Management
Purpose of the study: This study investigates the interrelationships among digital workforce management (DWM), employee productivity (EP), and sustainable palm oil production (SPOP) within the operational context of a private Indonesian plantation enterprise, with the objective of elucidating the direct and mediated pathways through which digitalized human resource practices influence enterprise-level sustainability outcomes. Methodology: A quantitative cross-sectional research design was adopted, utilizing structured questionnaire data collected from 176 valid respondents at PT Tasmapuja Sungai Kuamang Kampar, Kampar Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia, selected via proportional stratified random sampling (response rate: 97.8%). Instruments measuring DWM (12 items), EP (10 items), and SPOP (14 items) were administered on a five-point Likert scale. Data analysis proceeded through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for measurement model validation and structural equation modeling (SEM) via IBM AMOS 26.0 for hypothesis testing, with mediation assessed via bootstrapping with 5,000 resamples. Results: The structural model yielded satisfactory fit indices (χ²/df = 2.41; CFI = 0.958; RMSEA = 0.065) and accounted for 49.1% of variance in SPOP. DWM exerted a statistically significant positive effect on EP (β = 0.512, p < 0.001) and a direct effect on SPOP (β = 0.287, p = 0.001). EP significantly predicted SPOP (β = 0.478, p < 0.001). Mediation analysis confirmed that EP significantly mediates the DWM–SPOP relationship (indirect effect = 0.245; 95% CI [0.168, 0.334]), accounting for approximately 46% of the total effect. Conclusions: The integration of digital workforce management technologies into plantation operations substantially enhances employee productivity, which constitutes a pivotal mechanism through which sustainability production targets are attained. The findings provide actionable evidence for plantation enterprise managers and policymakers pursuing digital transformation as an evidence-based pathway to sustainable agricultural productivity within the Indonesian palm oil sector.
Bridging the Normative Gap: A Comparative Analysis of Indonesia's Adultery Law and Islamic Criminal Jurisprudence in the Era of Criminal Code Reform
Purpose of the study: Article 284 of the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP), a colonial-era Dutch legal instrument, provides a narrow and contested framework for the criminalization of adultery. It restricts prosecution to cases where at least one party is legally married and requires a formal complaint (delik aduan) from the aggrieved spouse, leaving unmarried adults engaged in sexual relations legally unpunishable. This stands in fundamental tension with Islamic criminal law (fiqh jinayah), which broadly prohibits all sexual intercourse outside of lawful marriage. This study aims to conduct a juridical analysis of Article 284 KUHP from the perspective of Islamic criminal law, identifying normative gaps, comparative legal disparities, and implications for criminal law reform in Indonesia Methodology: A normative legal research methodology was employed, utilizing doctrinal analysis, comparative legal analysis (comparative law), and statutory interpretation. Primary legal sources include the KUHP, the Quran, Hadith, classical fiqh jurisprudence, and relevant Indonesian legislation. Secondary sources include Scopus- and WOS-indexed academic literature Results: The analysis reveals eleven structural weaknesses in Article 284 KUHP relative to Islamic criminal law, across dimensions of legal formulation, perpetrator scope, criminal sanctions, legal sources, and enforcement mechanisms. Islamic criminal law classifies zina as a hudud offense, applicable to all morally competent adults regardless of marital status, with graduated punishments (100 lashes for ghairu muhsan; rajam for muhsan), requiring no private complaint. Conclusions: Article 284 KUHP inadequately reflects Indonesia's social and religious values as a Muslim-majority nation. Comprehensive criminal law reform is urgently needed, as partially reflected in the New Criminal Code (R-KUHP 2022/KUHP 2023), though significant gaps remain. The study advocates for a progressive harmonization of positive law with maqasid al-shari'ah principles within the bounds of Indonesia's pluralist legal system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dewi Kurnia Rizki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Administrative Authority and Community Land Rights Protection in Military Land Reservation: A Legal Analysis of Riau Governor Decree No. KPTS.297/III/2011
Purpose of the study: Land conflicts involving state institutions and communities represent a persistent challenge in Indonesian legal governance. This study examines the prolonged and unresolved land dispute between residents of Kelurahan Maharatu and Kelurahan Sidomulyo Timur, Marpoyan Damai District, Pekanbaru, and the Indonesian Air Force (TNI-AU) Pekanbaru — a conflict rooted in the issuance of Riau Governor's Decision Number KPTS.297/III/2011 on the revision of land reservation for TNI-AU Pekanbaru's expansion, which has remained without resolution for over 35 years. This study aimed to (1) analyse the scope and legitimacy of the Governor of Riau's authority in issuing Decision KPTS.297/III/2011; (2) examine the adequacy of the legal basis applied in the Decree; and (3) assess the extent of legal protection afforded to community land rights under this Decree. Methodology: A normative juridical (doctrinal legal) research design was employed. Primary legal materials included the 1945 Indonesian Constitution, Law No. 5/1960 on Agrarian Basic Regulations (UUPA), Law No. 32/2004 on Regional Governance, and the Decree itself. Secondary materials comprised scholarly texts, refereed journals, and legal commentaries. Tertiary sources included legal dictionaries and encyclopedias. Data were analysed using normative qualitative analysis grounded in theories of rule of law, governmental authority, public interest, agrarian law, justice, legal certainty, and utility. Results: Decision KPTS.297/III/2011 was issued without a valid legislative mandate, in response to a unilateral petition from the TNI-AU Pekanbaru Commander, rather than to implement an existing regional regulation (Perda). The Decree contains multiple legal defects: inconsistency with the laws cited as its legal basis, temporal invalidity, substantive errors, and failure to provide clear compensation mechanisms. Its implementation has resulted in denial of land certificates, building permits, and transfer rights, constituting unilateral state coercion against resident communities. Conclusions: The Governor's Decree violates principles of rule of law, legal certainty, justice, and the protection of community land rights guaranteed under UUPA and the 1945 Constitution. The study recommends immediate legal review and revocation of Decision KPTS.297/III/2011, expedited land compensation proceedings, and institutional reform to prevent recurrence of such regulatory overreach.
Evidence-Based Policing and Community Partnerships in Reducing Motorcycle Theft: Insights from Urban Indonesia
Purpose of the study: Motorcycle theft remains one of the most persistent property crimes in Indonesian urban and peri-urban areas, where everyday mobility, parking practices, weak guardianship, and opportunistic offending jointly create high-risk environments. Methodology: This paper case study of how the Indonesian National Police, through the Delitua Police Sector, can reduce motorcycle theft through an integrated framework combining Routine Activity Theory, Deterrence Theory, and Community Policing Theory. Results: The analysis highlights four recurring themes: opportunity reduction through visible guardianship and situational prevention; deterrence through higher perceived certainty of detection; community intelligence and trust as drivers of reporting and cooperation; and implementation constraints including limited personnel, uneven technology use, and fragmented neighborhood participation. Conclusions: Motorcycle-theft control is strongest when proactive patrols, intelligence-led enforcement, and legitimacy-building community policing are implemented together. The study contributes a publishable framework for local policing analysis and provides a theory-driven basis for future field research.