Workload, Motivation, and Their Influence on Nurse Performance: Evidence from Setio Husodo Hospital
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53905/Gimer.v1i03.23Keywords:
nurse performance, motivation, workload, healthcare management, hospital administration, human resource managementAbstract
Purpose of the study: This study investigates the influence of motivation and workload on nurse performance at Setio Husodo Hospital, Kisaran, Indonesia. The research addresses the fluctuating performance trends observed over five years and explores how motivational factors and workload management contribute to nursing service quality.
Materials and methods: A quantitative descriptive approach was employed with 39 nurses selected through saturated sampling. Data were collected using validated questionnaires measuring motivation (12 items, α=0.853), workload (8 items, α=0.831), and nurse performance (8 items, α=0.847). Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted using SPSS version 22 to test hypotheses at a 5% significance level.
Results: The regression model Y=1.282+0.286X₁+0.538X₂ demonstrated that both motivation (t=3.363, p=0.002) and workload (t=4.653, p=0.000) significantly influenced nurse performance. The simultaneous F-test (F=65.475, p=0.000) confirmed the combined effect of both variables. The adjusted R² of 0.772 indicates that 77.2% of performance variance is explained by motivation and workload, with workload showing stronger influence (β=0.548) than motivation (β=0.396).
Conclusions: Motivation and workload are critical determinants of nurse performance in hospital settings. Healthcare administrators should implement balanced workload distribution strategies and robust motivational programs to optimize nursing service delivery and patient care quality.
References
Akerele, O. O. (2023). The Link between Motivation and Organizational Performance: An Exploration of Factors Influencing Employee Motivation and its Impact on Organizational Success. International Journal of Business Ethics and Governance, 6(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.51325/ijbeg.v6i1.118
Albenhasnan, B. A., Alshaikhsaleh, F. Y., & Almutawah, H. A. (2024). The impact of medical staff motivation on the quality of practice in healthcare: a systematic review [Review of The impact of medical staff motivation on the quality of practice in healthcare: a systematic review]. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 11(6), 2404. Medip Academy. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20241505
AlKhalifa, J., Nawaz, N., & Sawaya, R. (2024). Motivational Factors and Employee Performance: A Comprehensive Analysis. In Studies in big data (p. 619). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70855-8_53
Almarwani, A. M., & Alzahrani, N. S. (2023). Factors affecting the development of clinical nurses’ competency: A systematic review [Review of Factors affecting the development of clinical nurses’ competency: A systematic review]. Nurse Education in Practice, 73, 103826. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103826
Amoadu, M., Ansah, E. W., & Sarfo, J. O. (2024). Preventing workplace mistreatment and improving workers’ mental health: a scoping review of the impact of psychosocial safety climate [Review of Preventing workplace mistreatment and improving workers’ mental health: a scoping review of the impact of psychosocial safety climate]. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 195. BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01675-z
Amri, A. (2023). Workforce Design And Employee Workload Using The Full-Time Equivalent Method At PT XZY. International Journal of Engineering Science and Information Technology, 3(2), 60. https://doi.org/10.52088/ijesty.v3i2.445
Aran, K. K., & Suhardi, S. (2024). Workload, Motivation, and Satisfaction’s Impact on Employee Performance in Karimun’s Savings and Loan Cooperative. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Dan Bisnis, 10(1), 119. https://doi.org/10.22441/jimb.v10i1.25325
Aroosh, S., Javed, H., & Khan, I. U. D. (2025). Triggers and Enablers of Disruptive Behavior in Operating Room Staff: A District-Level Investigation. Indus Journal of Bioscience Research., 3(3), 115. https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i3.815
Ashkanani, A. M., Dunford, B. B., & Mumford, K. J. (2022). Impact of Motivation and Workload on Service Time Components: An Empirical Analysis of Call Center Operations. Management Science, 68(9), 6697. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4491
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands‐Resources model: state of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2016). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. [Review of Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward.]. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
Broetje, S., Jenny, G. J., & Bauer, G. F. (2020). The Key Job Demands and Resources of Nursing Staff: An Integrative Review of Reviews [Review of The Key Job Demands and Resources of Nursing Staff: An Integrative Review of Reviews]. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 84. Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00084
Browne, C., & Tie, Y. C. (2024). Promoting Well-being: A Scoping Review of Strategies Implemented During the COVID-19 Pandemic to Enhance the Well-being of the Nursing Workforce [Review of Promoting Well-being: A Scoping Review of Strategies Implemented During the COVID-19 Pandemic to Enhance the Well-being of the Nursing Workforce]. International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances, 6, 100177. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnsa.2024.100177
Chaudhary, L., Rohilla, G., Verma, N., Aakansha, A., Verma, V. L., Pal, P., Rajput, M., Katoch, N., Jaineeta, & Gupta, S. (2023). Review of workplace characteristics and Self-motivation as Indicators of nurses’ Job satisfaction. International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive, 5(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.2.0041
Cohen, C., Pignata, S., Bezak, E., Tie, M., & Childs, J. (2023). Workplace interventions to improve well- being and reduce burnout for nurses, physicians and allied healthcare professionals: a systematic review.
Csipke, E., Wykes, T., Nash, S., Williams, P., Koeser, L., McCrone, P., Rose, D., & Craig, T. (2019). Changing nurses’ views of the therapeutic environment: randomised controlled trial. BJPsych Open, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2018.87
DeChant, P., Acs, A., Rhee, K., Boulanger, T., Snowdon, J., Tutty, M., Sinsky, C. A., & Craig, K. J. T. (2019). Effect of Organization-Directed Workplace Interventions on Physician Burnout: A Systematic Review [Review of Effect of Organization-Directed Workplace Interventions on Physician Burnout: A Systematic Review]. Mayo Clinic Proceedings Innovations Quality & Outcomes, 3(4), 384. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2019.07.006
Dewi, W. N., & Nazriati, E. (2024). Barriers and enablers to the implementation of person-centred care in an Indonesian hospital: a qualitative study. Jurnal NERS, 19(4), 424. https://doi.org/10.20473/jn.v19i4.55840
Dunsch, F. A., Evans, D. K., Macis, M., & Wang, Q. (2018). Bias in patient satisfaction surveys : a threat to measuring healthcare quality - analysis. 1. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/843321525324098977/Bias-in-patient-satisfaction-surveys-a-threat-to-measuring-healthcare-quality-analysis
El‐Gazar, H. E., & Zoromba, M. A. (2021). Nursing Human Resource Practices and Hospitals’ Performance Excellence: The Mediating Role of Nurses’ Performance. Acta Bio-Medica : Atenei Parmensis, 92. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v92is2.11247
Errázuriz, A., Schmidt, K., Undurraga, E. A., Medeiros, S., Baudrand, R., Cussen, D., Henríquez, M., Celhay, P., & Figueroa, R. (2020). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on psychological distress in health workers: A three-arm parallel randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 145, 284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.011
Fahlevi, M., Aljuaid, M., & Saniuk, S. (2022). Leadership Style and Hospital Performance: Empirical Evidence From Indonesia. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911640
Feldacker, C., Pintye, J., Jacob, S., Chung, M. H., Middleton, L., Iliffe, J., & Kim, H. N. (2017). Continuing professional development for medical, nursing, and midwifery cadres in Malawi, Tanzania and South Africa: A qualitative evaluation. PLoS ONE, 12(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186074
Feng, H., Zhang, M., Li, X., Shen, Y., & Li, X. (2024). The Level and Outcomes of Emotional Labor in Nurses: A Scoping Review [Review of The Level and Outcomes of Emotional Labor in Nurses: A Scoping Review]. Journal of Nursing Management, 2024(1). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5317359
Figueiredo, E., Margaça, C., García, J. C. S., & Ribeiro, C. (2025). The Contribution of Reward Systems in the Work Context: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Directions for Future Research [Review of The Contribution of Reward Systems in the Work Context: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Directions for Future Research]. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 16(5), 16525. Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-02492-w
Filomeno, L., Chaoui, Y., Scinicariello, A., Minciullo, A., & Mario, S. D. (2024). Nurses and Managers’ Time Management Skills Assessment: A National Survey in the Italian Healthcare Setting. Nursing Reports, 14(3), 2107. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14030157
Fischbacher, S., Exl, M. T., Simon, M., Dhaini, S., & Jeitziner, M. (2024). A prospective longitudinal cohort study of the association between nurses’ subjective and objective workload. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 22694. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73637-9
Forster, A., & Koob, C. (2023). Antecedents of Nurse Managers’ Work Engagement: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare, 11(9), 1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11091336
Gillet, N., Morin, A. J. S., Ndiaye, A., Colombat, P., & Fouquereau, E. (2020). A test of work motivation profile similarity across four distinct samples of employees. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 93(4), 988. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12322
Hawkins, S. F., & Morse, J. M. (2022). Untenable Expectations: Nurses’ Work in the Context of Medication Administration, Error, and the Organization. Global Qualitative Nursing Research, 9. https://doi.org/10.1177/23333936221131779
Hayre-Kwan, S., Quinn, B., Chu, T., Orr, P., & Snoke, J. (2021). Nursing and Maslow’s Hierarchy. Nurse Leader, 19(6), 590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mnl.2021.08.013
Iddekinge, C. H. V., Aguinis, H., Mackey, J. D., & DeOrtentiis, P. S. (2017). A Meta-Analysis of the Interactive, Additive, and Relative Effects of Cognitive Ability and Motivation on Performance. Journal of Management, 44(1), 249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317702220
Jimenez, R. J. (2025). Employee Motivation, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Performance at the SM Store Santa Rosa. International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.54476/ioer-imrj/494503
Karaferis, D., Aletras, V., Raikou, M., & Niakas, D. (2022). Factors Influencing Motivation and Work Engagement of Healthcare Professionals. Materia Socio Medica, 34(3), 216. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2022.34.216-224
Khashe, Y., Tabibzadeh, M., & Meshkati, N. (2023). Improving quality of care for patients receiving care through telehealth in the time of COVID-19 global pandemic and beyond: HCI-based leading indicators for virtual visits. Human Factors in Healthcare, 4, 100050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfh.2023.100050
Kustriyani, M., & Yanto, A. (2025). Factors Influencing Hospital Nurses Performance In Accordance With Clinical Authority: A Literature Review [Review of Factors Influencing Hospital Nurses Performance In Accordance With Clinical Authority: A Literature Review]. medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.11.25335258
Liebenberg, J.-M., Scholtz, S. E., & Beer, L. T. D. (2022). The Daily Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Work Engagement of Nurses: A ‘Shortitudinal’ Diary Study. Healthcare, 10(5), 863. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10050863
Linzer, M., Poplau, S., Grossman, E., Varkey, A. B., Yale, S. H., Williams, E. S., Hicks, L. L., Brown, R., Wallock, J., Kohnhorst, D., & Barbouche, M. (2015). A Cluster Randomized Trial of Interventions to Improve Work Conditions and Clinician Burnout in Primary Care: Results from the Healthy Work Place (HWP) Study. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 30(8), 1105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-015-3235-4
Macdonald, W. (2003). The impact of job demands and workload on stress and fatigue. Australian Psychologist, 38(2), 102. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060310001707107
Mohammed, A. I. K. (2024). The Role of Motivation and Job Satisfaction in Enhancing Employee Performance: Systematic Review. Psikostudia Jurnal Psikologi, 13(1), 105. https://doi.org/10.30872/psikostudia.v13i1.13847
Nogues, S., & Tremblay, D. (2023). From Chosen to Forced: A Qualitative Exploration of Nurses’ Experiences With Overtime. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-023-09485-y
Omoregie, D. T., & Yusuf, Z. M. (2025). Strategies for mitigating nurse burnout: A comprehensive survey and analysis. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 14(2), 193. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.14.2.0069
Pandey, R., Goel, S., & Koushal, V. (2018). Assessment of motivation levels and associated factors among the nursing staff of tertiary‐level government hospitals. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 33(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2526
Peter, K. A., Voirol, C., Kunz, S., Schwarze, T., Gurtner, C., Zeyer, A., Blasimann, A., Golz, C., Gurtner, A., Renggli, F., & Hahn, S. (2024). Reducing work-related stress among health professionals by using a training-based intervention programme for leaders in a cluster randomised controlled trial. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 23502. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73939-y
Rohman, F., & Febriana, K. A. (2025). The Effect of Interpersonal Communication and Work Motivation on Employee Performance: A Quantitative Study at Honda Semarang Centre. Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews, 1(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.64780/sshr.v1i1.20
Seridon, M. (2025). Nursing Workflow Optimization Plan for Improving Efficiency and Staff Well-Being in Inpatient Settings. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, 12(9), 3511. https://doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2025.120800317
Shiri, R., Nikunlaakso, R., & Laitinen, J. (2023). Effectiveness of Workplace Interventions to Improve Health and Well-Being of Health and Social Service Workers: A Narrative Review of Randomised Controlled Trials [Review of Effectiveness of Workplace Interventions to Improve Health and Well-Being of Health and Social Service Workers: A Narrative Review of Randomised Controlled Trials]. Healthcare, 11(12), 1792. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11121792
Siokal, B., Amiruddin, R., Abdullah, T., Thamrin, Y., Syam, Y., Palutturi, S., Amqam, H., Pamungkas, R. A., Wahyuningsih, W., Samsualam, S., Sudarman, S., Asfar, A., & Mappanganro, A. (2023). Improving the Quality of Assessment and Diagnosis in Nursing Care: A Literature Review [Review of Improving the Quality of Assessment and Diagnosis in Nursing Care: A Literature Review]. Pharmacognosy Journal, 15(4), 703. EManuscript Services. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2023.15.140
Sipos, D., Goyal, R., & Zapata, T. (2024). Addressing burnout in the healthcare workforce: current realities and mitigation strategies. The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, 42, 100961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.100961
Somense, C. B., & Duran, É. C. M. (2014). Hygiene and motivation factors of nursing work in a cardiology ward. Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem, 35(3), 82. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2014.03.45772
Srimulyani, V. A., & Hermanto, Y. B. (2022). Organizational culture as a mediator of credible leadership influence on work engagement: empirical studies in private hospitals in East Java, Indonesia. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01289-z
Tan, T., & Netessine, S. (2014). When Does the Devil Make Work? An Empirical Study of the Impact of Workload on Worker Productivity. Management Science, 60(6), 1574. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.1950
Vu, N. V., Nazari, M. A., Dang, T., Muralev, Y., Mohanraj, M., Tran, T., & Quoc, H. A. (2025). Type of the Paper: Article. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5384374
Watung, S. R. (2022). Functional Factors Related to Nursing Performance in Inpatient Installation. SHS Web of Conferences, 149, 3043. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202214903043
Xue, X., Tao, J., Li, Y., Zhang, G., Wang, S., Xu, C., & Moreira, P. (2025). Impact of clinical leadership on frontline nurses’ quality of care: work engagement as mediator role. BMC Health Services Research, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-025-12515-0
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Juniati Bercita Gultom, Nurhasanah, Lapiti Sagala (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
